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Główna zawartość

Podsumowanie: Wczesne cywilizacje na terytorium obu Ameryk

Podstawowe pojęcia

TermDefinition
city-statea political state that consists of a city and its surrounding territory; a common form of political organization in early Mesoamerica
Olmeccivilization that existed along the Gulf Coast of Mexico from about 1600 BCE to 300 BCE and was known for making giant stone head statues and rubber; the Olmec also spread their culture via trade throughout Mesoamerica.
Mayacivilization in Mesoamerica made up largely of city-states that tended to be politically independent, which prevented development of centralized government
TeotihuacánMesoamerican city-state near modern-day Mexico City that wielded enormous power between 300 CE and 600 CE; written records have not survived, but massive temples and an intricate city grid indicate that the city was under the authority of a powerful centralized government.
Chavíncivilization that developed in the northern Andean highlands of Peru between 900 BCE and 250 BCE and was named for a temple at Chavín de Huántar; archaeologists believe the civilization was organized based on a religious hierarchy.
MocheAndean civilization, located in modern-day Peru and Bolivia, the Moche created a sophisticated irrigation system, detailed artwork, and monumental buildings
Cahokiacity near modern-day St. Louis, Missouri that existed from about 600 CE to 1400 CE

Kluczowe daty

DateEvent
c.1600 BCE—c.300 BCEDuration of the Olmec society in what is modern-day Mexico
c.900 BCE—c.250 BCEDuration of the Chavín Civilization in what is modern-day Peru
c.1 CE—c.800 CEDuration of the Moche Civilization in what is modern-day Peru
c.250 CE—900 CEClassical Period, or high point, of Maya Civilization
c.600 CE—c.1400 CEExistence of Cahokia in what is modern-day United States

Key themes

State building: Common features of early civilizations were urban planning and the creation of monumental architecture. Early civilizations in the Americas showed both of these characteristics. This could only have been possible if there was also a system to organize resources. Rulers in many early American societies created strong administrative systems to control labor and other resources.
Culture: Many early American civilizations developed systems for writing and record-keeping independently. Even without written records, it is possible to get information on early cultures from material artifacts and artwork they created and traded. Early American civilizations traded with one another, exchanging goods and ideas. Large city-states like Teotihuacán were religious and cultural centers, as well as trading hubs.
Social structures: Increased complexity in societies tended to lead to social hierarchies. Many early American civilizations had rigid social hierarchies, with workers and food cultivators toward the bottom, artisans and merchants in the middle, and political and religious elites at the top.

Pytania kontrolne

  • How were social hierarchies in the Americas similar to social hierarchies in other early civilizations?
  • Why is urban planning and monumental architecture potential evidence for the existence of centralized states in the Americas?
  • What were two ways that historians can learn about early American cultures?

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