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Reakcje wymiany podwójnej

Definicja i przykłady reakcji wymiany podwójnej. Przewidywanie i bilansowanie reakcji zobojętniania i strącania. 

Czym jest reakcja podwójnej wymiany?

Reakcja podwójnej wymiany—również zwana podwójną wymianą lub metatezą— zachodzi, gdy części dwóch jonowych związków chemicznych zamieniają się miejscami, tworząc dwa nowe związki chemiczne. Ogólny schemat tej podwójnej wymiany wygląda następująco:
A+B+C+DA+D+C+B
You can think of the reaction as swapping the cations or the anions, but not swapping both since you would end up with the same substances you started with. The solvent for a double replacement reaction is usually water, and the reactants and products are usually ionic compounds—but they can also be acids or bases.
Here is an example of a double replacement reaction:
BaCl2(aq)+Na2SO4(aq)BaSO4(s)+2NaCl(aq)
In this example, the cations are Ba2+ and Na+, and the anions are Cl and SO42. If we swap the anions, or cations, we get as our products BaSO4 and NaCl.

Precipitation and neutralization reactions

Identifying double replacement reactions is usually fairly straightforward once you can recognize the pattern. Predicting whether the reaction will occur can be trickier; it helps to be able to recognize some common types of double replacement reactions. In this article we will be discussing precipitation reactions and neutralization reactions.
A precipitation reaction is when two aqueous ionic compounds form a new ionic compound that is not soluble in water. One example is the reaction between lead (II) nitrate and potassium iodide. Both compounds are white solids that can be dissolved in water to make clear, colorless solutions. When you combine the two clear solutions, you get the following reaction:
Pb(NO3)2(aq)+2KI(aq)2KNO3(aq)+PbI2(s)
We made a beautiful golden solid from two clear solutions! In real life, your reaction flask might look something like the picture below.
A cloud of solid yellow lead (II) iodide forms when clear solutions of lead (II) nitrate and potassium iodide are combined.
Combining aqueous solutions of lead (II) nitrate and potassium iodide results in the formation of insoluble lead (II) iodide, a yellow solid. Image credit: PRHaney on Wikimedia Commons, CC-BY-SA 3.0
The insoluble product compound is called the precipitate. The solvent and soluble components of the reaction are called the supernatant or supernate. We can use solubility rules to predict whether a precipitation reaction will take place. The formation of a solid precipitate is the driving force that makes the reaction proceed in the forward direction.
Concept check: What is in our supernatant?
Neutralization reactions are a type of double replacement reaction that occurs between an acid and a base. The following is an example of a neutralization reaction:
HF(aq)+NaOH(aq)H2O+NaF(aq)
acid+baseH2O+salt
An aqueous neutralization reaction generally produces water and a new ionic compound, also called a salt. The hardest part of identifying a neutralization reaction is recognizing that you have an acid and a base for the reactants. Once you know you have a neutralization reaction, you can generally predict the reaction will occur in the forward direction as long as you have a strong acid and/or a strong base as a reactant.
A fun neutralization reaction that you may have tried is the combination of baking soda—sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3—and vinegar—mostly water with acetic acid, CH3COOH(aq))—which produces carbonic acid—H2CO3—and sodium acetate—NaCH3COO. If you have tried this reaction at home, you probably remember a lot of fizzing because the neutralization reaction is accompanied by a gas-producing reaction, where the carbonic acid decomposes into carbon dioxide gas—bubbles!—and water.
Note that double replacement reactions can be written as molecular, complete ionic, or net ionic equations. In this article we are only writing out the molecular equation, but you probably want to be familiar with writing the other forms of the equation as well.

Example: predicting and balancing a double replacement reaction

Let’s take a look at an example where we don't know the products:
H2SO4(aq)+Ba(OH)2(aq)
First, we can identify the cations and anions that will get swapped. The cations are H+ and Ba2+, and the anions are SO42 and OH. Swapping anions gives the products H2O and BaSO4:
H2SO4(aq)+Ba(OH)2(aq)H2O+BaSO4
We can see that our double replacement reaction is also a neutralization reaction since we are reacting sulfuric acid, a strong acid, with barium hydroxide, a strong base. What is the state of the product barium sulfate? If we check our solubility rules, we see that barium sulfate is insoluble and should precipitate out of solution. That means our reaction is a precipitation reaction, too! We can also include that information in our equation by adding the symbol (s) after the BaSO4.
We aren’t quite done yet, though. Our reaction is not balanced since we have unequal numbers of hydrogens and oxygens on both sides of the arrow. We can fix this by multiplying H2O by 2 to give our final, balanced molecular equation:
H2SO4(aq)+Ba(OH)2(aq)2H2O+BaSO4(s)

Podsumowanie

Double replacement reactions have two ionic compounds that are exchanging anions or cations. Precipitation reactions and neutralization reactions are two common types of double replacement reactions. Precipitation reactions produce an insoluble product from two aqueous reactants, and you can identify a precipitation reaction using solubility rules. Neutralization reactions occur when the reactants are an acid and a base, and neutralization reactions are usually favorable as long as the reaction involves a strong acid and/or a strong base.

Spróbuj sam!

Zadanie 1

For the following reactants, what are the products of the double displacement reaction?
FeCl3(aq)+Ba(OH)2(aq)
Wybierz 1 odpowiedź:

Zadanie 2

What type of reaction is the above reaction?
Zaznacz wszystkie odpowiedzi, które pasują:

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